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- Alzheimer's Disease
-
- Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disease that destroys mental and
- physical functioning in human beings, and invariably leads to death. It is the fourth leading
- cause of adult death in the United States. Alzheimer's creates emotional and financial
- catastrophe for many American families every year. Fortunately, a large amount of progress
- is being made to combat Alzheimer's disease every year.
-
- To fully be able to comprehend and combat Alzheimer's disease, one must know what it
- does to the brain, the part of the human body it most greatly affects. Many Alzheimer's
- disease sufferers had their brains examined. A large number of differences were present
- when comparing the normal brain to the Alzheimer's brain. There was a loss of nerve cells
- from the Cerebral Cortex in the Alzheimer's victim. Approximately ten percent of the
- neurons in this region were lost. But a ten percent loss is relatively minor, and cannot
- account for the severe impairment suffered by Alzheimer's victims.
-
- Neurofibrillary Tangles are also found in the brains of Alzheimer's victims. They are found
- within the cell bodies of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, and take on the structure of a
- paired helix. Other diseases that have "paired helixes" include Parkinson's disease, Down's
- Syndrome, and Dementia Pugilistica. Scientists are not sure how the paired helixes are
- related in these very different diseases.
-
- Neuritic Plaques are patches of clumped material lying outside the bodies of nerve cells in
- the brain. They are mainly found in the cerebral cortex, but have also been seen in other
- areas of the brain. At the core of each of these plaques is a substance called amyloid, an
- abnormal protein not usually found in the brain. This amyloid core is surrounded by cast off
- fragments of dead or dying nerve cells. The cell fragments include dying mitochondria,
- presynaptic terminals, and paired helical filaments identical to those that are neurofibrillary
- tangles. Many neuropathologists think that these plaques are basically clusters of
- degenerating nerve cells. But they are still not sure of how and why these fragments
- clustered together.
-
- Congophilic Angiopathy is the technical name that neuropathologists have given to an
- abnormality found in the walls of blood vessels in the brains of victims of Alzheimer's
- disease. These abnormal patches are similar to the neuritic plaques that develop in
- Alzheimer's disease, in that amyloid has been found within the blood-vessel walls wherever
- the patches occur. Another name for these patches is cerebrovascular amyloid, meaning
- amyloid found in the blood vessels of the brains.
-
- Acetylcholine is a substance that carries signals from one nerve cell to another. It is known
- to be important to learning and memory. In the mid 1970s, scientists found that the brains of
- those afflicted with Alzheimer's disease contained sixty to ninety percent less of the enzyme
- choline acetyltransferase(CAT), which is responsible for producing acetylcholine, than did
- the brains of healthy persons. This was a great milestone, as it was the first functional
- change related to learning and memory, and not to different structures.
-
- Somatostatin is another means by which cells in the brain communicate with each other. The
- quantities of this chemical messenger, like those of CAT, are also greatly decreased in the
- cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of persons with Alzheimer's disease, almost to the
- same degree as CAT is lost.
-
- Although scientists have been able to identify many of these, and other changes, they are
- not yet sure as to how, or why they take place in Alzheimer's disease. One could say, that
- they have most of the pieces of the puzzle; all that is left to do is find the missing piece and
- decipher the meaning.
-
- If treatment is required for someone with Alzheimer's disease, then the Alzheimer's Disease
- and Related Disorders Association(ADRDA), a privately funded, national, non- profit
- organization dedicated to easing the burden of Alzheimer victims and their families and
- finding a cure can be contacted. There are more than one hundred and sixty chapters
- throughout the country, and over one thousand support groups that can be contacted for
- help. ADRDA fights Alzheimer's on five fronts 1- funding research 2- educating and thus
- increase public awareness 3- establishing chapters with support groups 4- encouraging
- federal and local legislation to help victims and their families 5- providing a service to help
- victims and their families find the proper care they need.